Histoplasmosis Dogs

Coccidioidomycosis - china Slurry Pump - Sand Pump ES

Presentation The disease is usually mild, with flu-like symptoms and rashes. The Mayo Clinic estimates that half the population in some affected areas have suffered from the disease. On occasion, those particularly susceptible may develop a serious or even fatal illness from valley fever. Serious complications include severe pneumonia, lung nodules, and disseminated disease, where the fungus spreads throughout the body. The disseminated form of valley fever can devastate the body, causing skin ulcers, abscesses, bone lesions, severe joint pain, heart inflammation, urinary tract problems, meningitis, and often death.

In order of decreasing risk, people of Filipino, African, Native American, Hispanic, and Asian descent are susceptible to the disseminated form of the disease. Men and pregnant women, and people with weakened immune systems (as from AIDS) are more susceptible than non-pregnant women. It has been known to infect humans, cattle, deer, elk, fish, mules, livestock, apes, kangaroos, wallabies, tigers, bears, badgers, otters and marine mammals. Symptomatic infection (40% of cases) usually presents as an influenza-like illness with fever, cough, headaches, rash, and myalgia (muscle pain). Some patients fail to recover and develop chronic pulmonary infection or widespread disseminated infection (affecting meninges, soft tissues, joints, and bone).

Severe pulmonary disease may develop in HIV-infected persons. An additional risk is that health care providers who are unfamiliar with it or are unaware that the patient has been exposed to it may misdiagnose it as cancer and subject the patient to unnecessary surgery.

Geographic distribution of coccidioidomycosis. Types Coccidioidomycosis may be divided into the following types::314-316 Primary pulmonary coccidioidomycosis Disseminated coccidioidomycosis Primary cutaneous coccidioidomycosis Incidence California state prisons, as far back as 1919, have been particularly affected by Coccidioidomycosis. In 2005 and 2006, the Pleasant Valley State Prison near Coalinga and Avenal State Prison near Avenal on the western side of the San Joaquin Valley had the highest incidence in 2005, of at least 3, 000 per 100, 000 . Incidence varies widely across the west and southwest.

In Arizona, for instance, in 2007, there were 3, 450 cases in Maricopa County, which in 2007 had an estimated population of 3, 880, 181 for an incidence of approximately 1 in 1, 125. In contrast, though southern New Mexico is considered an endemic region, there were 35 cases in the entire state in 2008, and 23 in 2007 , in a region that had an estimated 2008 population of 1, 984, 356 for an incidence of approximately 1 in 56, 695. Infection rates vary greatly by county, and although population density is important, so are other factors that have not been proven yet. Greater construction activity may disturb spores in the soil. In addition, the effect of altitude on fungi growth and morphology has not been studied, and altitude can range from sea level to 10, 000 feet or higher across California, Arizona, Texas and New Mexico. In California from 2000 to 2007, there were 16, 970 reported cases (5.9 per 100, 000 people) and 752 deaths (0.26 per 100, 000 people) with the highest incidence in the San Joaquin Valley (44.1 per 100, 000). Biological warfare C. immitis was investigated by the United States during the 1950s and 1960s as a potential biological weapon.[citation needed] The Cash strain received the military symbol OC, and original hopes were for its use as an incapacitant. As medical epidemiology later made clear, OC would have lethal effects on several segments of the population, so it was later considered a lethal agent.

It was never standardized, and beyond a few field trials, it was never weaponized. Most military work on OC was on vaccines by the mid-1960s. It is still on the CDC's list of select agents however. (http://www.cdc.gov/od/sap/docs/salist.pdf) Diagnostic test The fungal infection can be demonstrated by microscopic detection of diagnostic cells in body fluids, exudates, sputum and biopsy-tissue. With specific nucleotide primers C.immitis DNA can be amplified by PCR. It can also be detected in culture by morphological identification or by using molecular probes that hybridize with C.immitis RNA. An indirect demonstration of fungal infection can be achieved also by serologic analysis detecting fungal antigen or host antibody produced against the fungus. Treatment There are no published prospective studies that examine optimal antifungal therapy for coccidioidomycosis Mild cases often do not require treatment. Oral Fluconazole and intravenous Amphotericin B are used in progressive or disseminated disease, or in which patients are immunocompromised.

Alternatively, itraconazole or ketoconazole may be used. Posaconazole and voriconazole have also been used. Canine Valley Fever: Veterinary Medicine In addition to humans, coccidioidomycosis has been known to infect dogs, cattle, livestock, llamas, apes, monkeys, kangaroos, wallabies, tigers, bears, badgers, otters, and marine mammals. IMULAN BioTherapeutics, LLC is evaluating an experimental immune modulator in dogs with chronic, non-responsive Valley Fever. The immune modulator is a T-Cell Receptor Peptide, which has been shown to restore cell mediated immunity in a variety of models. Cell-mediated immunity is required for appropriate immune surveillance. Visit IMULAN BioTherapeutics for additional information about the T-Cell Receptor peptides. Animal Health Consulting has started a program in Arizona to evaluate the T-Cell Receptor peptide as a treatment for dogs with Valley Fever. This new T-Cell Receptor peptide is referred to as TCR Vax, and is also being studied in canine atopic dermatitis and feline stomatitis. Additional images References a b c d Rapini, Ronald P.; Bolognia, Jean L.; Jorizzo, Joseph L. (2007). Dermatology: 2-Volume Set. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0. Walsh TJ, Dixon DM (1996). Spectrum of Mycoses. In: Baron's Medical Microbiology (Baron S et al., eds.) (4th ed.). Univ of Texas Medical Branch. (via NCBI Bookshelf) ISBN 0-9631172-1-1. Hector R, Laniado-Laborin R (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis--a fungal disease of the Americas.". PLoS Med 2 (1): e2. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020002. PMID 15696207. http://www.merck.com/mmpe/sec14/ch180/ch180f.html Valley Fever Center for Excellence | url = http://www.vfce.arizona.edu/VFID-other.htm Ryan KJ; Ray CG (editors) (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. pp. 68083. ISBN 0838585299. Ampel N (2005). "Coccidioidomycosis in persons infected with HIV type 1.". Clin Infect Dis 41 (8): 11748. doi:10.1086/444502. PMID 16163637. Chen, Karl T. K. (1993). "Cytodiagnostic pitfalls in pulmonary coccidioidomycosis". Diagn Cytopathol 12 (2): 177180. doi:10.1002/dc.2840120220. PMID 7774502. ValleyFeverSurvivor.com FAQ: "My Valley Fever has been misdiagnosed as cancer. Does this happen very often?" | url = http://www.valleyfeversurvivor.com/faq.html James, William D.; Berger, Timothy G.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. U.S. Census Bureau, State & County QuickFacts New Mexico Intercensal Population Estimates from the U.S. Census Bureau Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 58;5 105-109 Barron MA and Madinger NE (November 18, 2008). "Opportunistic Fungal Infections, Part 3: Cryptococcosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccidioidomycosis, and Emerging Mould Infections". Infections in Medicine. http://www.consultantlive.com/infection/article/1145625/1404367. See also Medical geology List of cutaneous conditions External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Coccidioidomycosis U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention page on Coccidioidomycosis Medline Plus Entry for Coccidioidomycosis Valley Fever Survivor Valley Fever Vaccine Project of the Americas Valley Fever Connections Valley Fever Center for Excellence v d e Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology Growths Epidermal wart callus seborrheic keratosis acrochordon molluscum contagiosum actinic keratosis squamous cell carcinoma basal cell carcinoma merkel cell carcinoma nevus sebaceous trichoepithelioma Pigmented Freckles lentigo melasma nevus melanoma Dermal and subcutaneous epidermal inclusion cyst hemangioma dermatofibroma keloid lipoma neurofibroma xanthoma Kaposi's sarcoma infantile digital fibromatosis granular cell tumor leiomyoma lymphangioma circumscriptum myxoid cyst Rashes With epidermal involvement Eczematous contact dermatitis atopic dermatitis seborrheic dermatitis stasis dermatitis lichen simplex chronicus Darier's disease glucagonoma syndrome langerhans cell histiocytosis lichen sclerosus pemphigus foliaceus Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome Zinc deficiency Scaling psoriasis tinea (corporis cruris pedis manuum faciei) pityriasis rosea secondary syphillis mycosis fungoides systemic lupus erythematosus pityriasis rubra pilaris parapsoriasis ichthyosis Blistering herpes simplex herpes zoster varicella bullous impetigo acute contact dermatitis pemphigus vulgaris bullous pemphigoid dermatitis herpetiformis porphyria cutanea tarda epidermolysis bullosa simplex Papular scabies insect bite reactions lichen planus miliaria keratosis pilaris lichen spinulosus transient acantholytic dermatosis lichen nitidus pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta Pustular acne vulgaris acne rosacea folliculitis impetigo candidiasis gonococcemia dermatophyte coccidioidomycosis subcorneal pustular dermatosis Hypopigmented tinea versicolor vitiligo pityriasis alba postinflammatory hyperpigmentation tuberous sclerosis idiopathic guttate hypomelanosis leprosy hypopigmented mycosis fungoides Without epidermal involvement Red Blanchable Erythema Generalized drug eruptions viral exanthems toxic erythema systemic lupus erythematosus Localized cellulitis abscess boil erythema nodosum carcinoid syndrome fixed drug eruption Specialized urticaria erythema (multiforme migrans gyratum repens annulare centrifugum ab igne) Nonblanchable Purpura Macular thrombocytopenic purpura actinic purpura Papular disseminated intravascular coagulation vasculitis Indurated scleroderma/morphea granuloma annulare lichen sclerosis et atrophicus necrobiosis lipoidica Miscellaneous disorders Ulcers Hair telogen effluvium androgenic alopecia trichotillomania alopecia areata systemic lupus erythematosus tinea capitis loose anagen syndrome lichen planopilaris folliculitis decalvans acne keloidalis nuchae Nail onychomycosis psoriasis paronychia ingrown nail Mucous membrane aphthous stomatitis oral candidiasis lichen planus leukoplakia pemphigus vulgaris mucous membrane pemphigoid cicatricial pemphigoid herpesvirus coxsackievirus syphilis systemic histoplasmosis squamous cell carcinoma v d e Infectious diseases Mycoses and Mesomycetozoea (B35-B49, 110-118) Superficial and cutaneous (dermatomycosis): Tinea=skin; Piedra (exothrix/endothrix)=hair Ascomycota Dermatophyte (Dermatophytosis) By location Tinea barbae/Tinea capitis (Kerion) Tinea corporis (Ringworm) Tinea cruris Tinea manuum Tinea pedis (Athlete's foot) Tinea unguium/Onychomycosis By organism Epidermophyton floccosum Microsporum canis Microsporum audouinii Trichophyton interdigitale/mentagrophytes Trichophyton tonsurans Trichophyton schoenleini Trichophyton rubrum Other Hortaea werneckii (Tinea nigra) Piedraia hortae (Black piedra) Basidiomycota Malassezia furfur (Tinea versicolor) Trichosporon beigelii (White piedra) Subcutaneous, systemic, and opportunistic Ascomycota Dimorphic (yeast+mold) Onygenales Coccidioides immitis/Coccidioides posadasii (Coccidioidomycosis) Histoplasma capsulatum (Histoplasmosis) Lacazia loboi (Lobo's disease) Paracoccidioides brasiliensis (Paracoccidioidomycosis) Other Blastomyces dermatitidis (Blastomycosis) Sporothrix schenckii (Sporotrichosis) Penicillium marneffei (Penicilliosis) Yeast-like Candida albicans (Candidiasis, Oral, Esophageal, Chronic mucocutaneous) C. glabrata C. tropicalis C. lusitaniae Pneumocystis jirovecii (Pneumocystosis, Pneumocystis pneumonia) Mold-like Aspergillus (Aspergillosis, Aspergilloma, Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis) Exophiala jeanselmei (Eumycetoma) Fonsecaea pedrosoi/Fonsecaea compacta/Phialophora verrucosa (Chromoblastomycosis) Geotrichum candidum (Geotrichosis) Pseudallescheria boydii (Allescheriasis) Basidiomycota Cryptococcus neoformans (Cryptococcosis) Zygomycota (Zygomycosis) Mucorales (Mucormycosis) Rhizopus oryzae Mucor indicus Absidia corymbifera Syncephalastrum racemosum Entomophthorales (Entomophthoramycosis) Basidiobolus ranarum (Basidiobolomycosis) Conidiobolus coronatus/Conidiobolus incongruus (Conidiobolomycosis) Microsporidia (Microsporidiosis) Enterocytozoon bieneusi/Encephalitozoon intestinalis Mesomycetozoea Rhinosporidium seeberi (Rhinosporidiosis) see also drugs Categories: Fungal diseases | Biological weapons | Mycobacterium-related cutaneous conditionsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007

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